Autonomous Seawater pCO₂ and pH Time Series From 40 Surface Buoys and the Emergence of Anthropogenic Trends

Authors

Adrienne J. Sutton, NOAA, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
Richard A. Feely, NOAA, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
Stacy Maenner-Jones, NOAA, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
Sylvia Musielwicz, NOAA, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
John Osborne, NOAA, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
Colin Dietrich, NOAA, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
Natalie Monacci, University of Alaska Fairbanks
Jessica Cross, NOAA, Pacific Marine Environmental LaboratoryFollow
Randy Bott, NOAA, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
Alex Kozyr, NOAA, National Centers for Environmental Information
Andreas J. Andersson, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Nicholas R. Bates, Bermuda Institute of Ocean SciencesFollow
Wei-Jun Cai, University of Delaware
Meghan F. Cronin, NOAA, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
Eric H. De Carlo, University of Hawai'I at Mānoa
Burke Hales, Oregon State University
Stephan D. Howden, University of Southern MississippiFollow
Charity M. Lee, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology
Derek P. Manzello, NOAA, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory
Michael J. McPhaden, NOAA, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
Melissa Meléndez, University of New Hampshire
John B. Mickett, University of Washington - Seattle Campus
Jan A. Newton, University of Washington - Seattle Campus
Scott E. Noakes, University of Georgia
Jae Hoon Noh, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology
Solveig R. Olafsdottir, Marine and Freshwater Research Institute
Joseph E. Salisbury, University of New Hampshire, DurhamFollow
Uwe Send, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Thomas W. Trull, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
Douglas C. Vandemark, University of New Hampshire, Durham
Robert A. Weller, Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionFollow

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

3-26-2019

Department

Marine Science

Abstract

Ship-based time series, some now approaching over 3 decades long, are critical climate records that have dramatically improved our ability to characterize natural and anthropogenic drivers of ocean carbon dioxide (CO₂) uptake and biogeochemical processes. Advancements in autonomous marine carbon sensors and technologies over the last 2 decades have led to the expansion of observations at fixed time series sites, thereby improving the capability of characterizing sub-seasonal variability in the ocean. Here , we present a data product of 40 individual autonomous moored surface ocean pCO₂ (partial pressure of CO₂) time series established between 2004 and 2013, 17 also include autonomous pH measurements. These time series characterie a wide range of surface ocean carbonate conditions in diffferent oceanic (17 sites), coastal (13 sites), and coral reef (10 sites) regimes. A time of trend emergence (ToE) methodology applied ot the time series that exhibit well-constrained daily to interannual variability and an estimate of decadal variability indicates that the length of sustained observations necessary to detect statistically significant anthropogenic trends varies by marine environment. The ToE estisites, and 9 to 22 years at the coral reef sites. Only two open ocean pCO₂ and pH range from 8 to 15 years at the open ocean sites, 16 to 41 years at the coastal sites, and 9 to 22 years at the coral reef sites. Only two open ocean pCO₂ time series, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Hawaii Ocean Time-series Station (WHOTS) in the subtropical North Pacific and Stratus n the South Pacific gyre, have been deployed longer than the estimated trend detection time and, for these, deseasoned monthly means show estimated anthropogenic trends of 1.9 ± 0.3 and 1.6 ± 0.3 μatm yr^-1, respectively. In the future, it is possible that updates to this product will allow for the estimation of anthropogenic trends at more sites; however, the product currently provides a valuable tool in an accessible format for evaluating climatology and natural variability of surface ocean carbonate chemistry in a variety of regions. Data are available at https://doi.org/10.7289/V5DB8043 and https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/ocads/oceans/Moorings/ndp097.html (Sutton et al., 2018).

Publication Title

Earth System Science Data

First Page

421

Last Page

439

Recommended Citation

Sutton, A. J., Feely, R. A., Maenner-Jones, S., Musielwicz, S., Osborne, J., Dietrich, C., Monacci, N., Cross, J., Bott, R., Kozyr, A., Andersson, A. J., Bates, N. R., Cai, W., Cronin, M. F., De Carlo, E. H., Hales, B., Howden, S. D., Lee, C. M., Manzello, D. P., McPhaden, M. J., Meléndez, M., Mickett, J. B., Newton, J. A., Noakes, S. E., Noh, J. H., Olafsdottir, S. R., Salisbury, J. E., Send, U., Trull, T. W., Vandemark, D. C., Weller, R. A. (2019). Autonomous Seawater pCO₂ and pH Time Series From 40 Surface Buoys and the Emergence of Anthropogenic Trends. Earth System Science Data, 421-439.
Available at: https://aquila.usm.edu/fac_pubs/16242