•  
  •  
 

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of integrating Web-GIS with Inquiry Learning on secondary school students’ spatial thinking skills. A 2×2 factorial experimental design was employed with 116 eleventh-grade students from SMA Negeri 13 Bandar Lampung, divided into four treatment groups: direct instruction with printed maps, direct instruction with Web-GIS, inquiry learning with printed maps, and inquiry learning with Web-GIS. The Spatial Thinking Ability Test (STAT), a widely validated international instrument, was used to measure outcomes. Data were analysed using two-way ANOVA. The findings indicate that the learning media had a significant effect, with Web-GIS outperforming printed maps, whereas learning strategies alone did not. Importantly, a highly significant interaction between media and strategy was found, demonstrating that inquiry learning supported by Web-GIS produced the greatest improvement in spatial thinking skills. These results confirm the pedagogical potential of Web-GIS and underscore the importance of aligning technological tools with active learning approaches. The study offers theoretical implications for integrating geospatial technologies into geography education and practical insights for enhancing spatial literacy in secondary schools.

First Page

163

Last Page

184

Ethics Approval

Yes

Declaration Statement

The Declaration Statement

  1. Data Availability Statement: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author at Lampung University, upon reasonable request.
  2. Funding Statement: This research was funded by the Research Center, Lampung University.
  3. Conflict of Interest Disclosure: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
  4. Ethics Approval Statement: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Research Center, Universitas Lampung.
  5. Participant Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in this study.
  6. Permission to Reproduce Material from Other Sources: N/A.
  7. Clinical Trial Registration: N/A.

Download

Share

COinS